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John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, KG (1504〔Loades 2008〕 – 22 August 1553) was an English general, admiral, and politician, who led the government of the young King Edward VI from 1550 until 1553, and unsuccessfully tried to install Lady Jane Grey on the English throne after the King's death. The son of Edmund Dudley, a minister of Henry VII executed by Henry VIII, John Dudley became the ward of Sir Edward Guildford at the age of seven. He grew up in Guildford's household together with his future wife, Guildford's daughter Jane, with whom he was to have 13 children. Dudley served as Vice-Admiral and Lord Admiral from 1537 until 1547, during which time he set novel standards of navy organisation and was an innovative commander at sea. He also developed a strong interest in overseas exploration. Dudley took part in the 1544 campaigns in Scotland and France and was one of Henry VIII's intimates in the last years of the reign. He was also a leader of the religious reform party at court. In 1547 Dudley was created Earl of Warwick and, with the Duke of Somerset, England's Lord Protector, distinguished himself in the renewed Scottish war at the Battle of Pinkie. During the country-wide uprisings of 1549 Dudley put down Kett's Rebellion in Norfolk. Convinced of the Protector's incompetence, he and other privy councillors forced Somerset out of office in October 1549. Having averted a conservative reaction in religion and a plot to destroy him alongside Somerset, Dudley emerged in early 1550 as ''de facto'' regent for the 12-year-old Edward VI. He reconciled himself with Somerset, who nevertheless soon began to intrigue against him and his policies. Somerset was executed on largely fabricated charges, three months after Dudley had been raised to the Dukedom of Northumberland in October 1551. As Lord President of the Council, Dudley headed a distinctly conciliar government and sought to introduce the adolescent King into business. Taking over an almost bankrupt administration, he ended the costly wars with France and Scotland and tackled finances in ways that led to some economic recovery. To prevent further uprisings he introduced countrywide policing on a local basis, appointing Lords Lieutenants who were in close contact with the central authority. Dudley's religious policy was—in accordance with Edward's proclivities—decidedly Protestant, further enforcing the English Reformation and promoting radical reformers to high Church positions. The 15-year-old King fell ill in early 1553 and excluded his half-sisters Mary and Elizabeth, whom he regarded as illegitimate, from the succession, designating non-existent, hypothetical male heirs. As his death approached, Edward changed his will so that his Protestant cousin Jane Grey, Northumberland's daughter-in-law, could inherit the Crown. To what extent the Duke influenced this scheme is uncertain. The traditional view is that it was Northumberland's plot to maintain his power by placing his family on the throne. Many historians see the project as genuinely Edward's, enforced by Dudley after the King's death. The Duke did not prepare well for this occasion. Having marched to East Anglia to capture Princess Mary, he surrendered on hearing that the Privy Council had changed sides and proclaimed Mary as Queen. Convicted of high treason, Northumberland returned to Catholicism and abjured the Protestant faith before his execution. Having secured the contempt of both religious camps, popularly hated, and a natural scapegoat, he became the "wicked Duke"—in contrast to his predecessor Somerset, the "good Duke". Only since the 1970s has he also been seen as a Tudor Crown servant: self-serving, inherently loyal to the incumbent monarch, and an able statesman in difficult times. ==Career under Henry VIII== John Dudley was the eldest of three sons of Edmund Dudley, a councillor of King Henry VII, and his second wife Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Edward Grey, 4th Viscount Lisle.〔Loades 2008; Adams 2002 pp. 312–313〕 His father was attainted and executed for high treason in 1510, having been arrested immediately after Henry VIII's accession because the new King needed scapegoats for his predecessor's unpopular financial policies.〔Loades 1996 pp. 7–11〕 In 1512 the seven-year-old John became the ward of Sir Edward Guildford and was taken into his household.〔Loades 1996 p. 17〕 At the same time Edmund Dudley's attainder was lifted and John Dudley was restored "in name and blood". The King was hoping for the good services "which the said John Dudley is likely to do".〔Loades 1996 p. 18〕 At about age 15 John Dudley probably went with his guardian to the Pale of Calais to serve there for the next years.〔Loades 1996 p. 20〕 He took part in Cardinal Wolsey's diplomatic voyages of 1521 and 1527, and was knighted by Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk during his first major military experience, the 1523 invasion of France.〔Loades 1996 pp. 20–22, 24–25〕 In 1524 Dudley became a Knight of the Body,〔Loades 1996 p. 22〕 and from 1534 he was responsible for the King's body armour as Master of the Tower Armoury.〔Ives 2009 p. 99〕 Being "the most skilful of his generation, both on foot and on horseback", he excelled in wrestling, archery, and the tournaments of the royal court, as a French report stated as late as 1546.〔 In 1525 Dudley married Guildford's daughter Jane, who was four years his junior and his former class-mate.〔 The Dudleys belonged to the new evangelical circles of the early 1530s,〔MacCulloch 2001 pp. 52–53; Ives 2009 pp. 114–115〕 and their 13 children were educated in Renaissance humanism and science.〔Wilson 1981 pp. 11, 15–16; French 2002 p. 33〕 Sir Edward Guildford died in 1534 without a written will. His only son having predeceased him, Guildford's nephew, John Guildford, asserted that his uncle had intended him to inherit. Dudley and his wife contested this claim. The parties went to court and Dudley, who had secured Thomas Cromwell's patronage, won the case.〔Loades 1996 pp. 30–32; Beer 1973 p. 8〕 In 1532 he lent his cousin, John Sutton, 3rd Baron Dudley, over ₤7,000 on the security of the baronial estate.〔Loades 1996 pp. 27–28〕 Lord Dudley was unable to pay off any of his creditors, so when the mortgage was foreclosed in the late 1530s Sir John Dudley came into possession of Dudley Castle.〔Loades 1996 p. 28〕 Dudley was present at Henry VIII's meeting with Francis I of France at Calais in 1532. Another member of the entourage was Anne Boleyn, who was soon to be queen. Dudley took part in the christenings of Princess Elizabeth and Prince Edward〔Beer 1973 pp. 8–9〕 and, in connection with the announcement of the Prince's birth to the Emperor, travelled to Spain via France in October 1537.〔Loades 1996 p. 36〕 He sat in the Reformation parliament for Kent, in place of his deceased father-in-law,〔Hawkyard 1982〕 in 1534–1536, and led one of the contingents sent against the Pilgrimage of Grace in late 1536.〔Loades 1996 pp. 31, 33–34〕 In January 1537 Dudley was made Vice-Admiral and began to apply himself to naval matters.〔Loades 1996 pp. 34–36, viii; Wilson 1981 p. 20〕 He was Master of the Horse to Anne of Cleves and Katherine Howard,〔Ives 2009 p. 99; Warnicke 2012 p. 64〕 and in 1542 returned to the House of Commons as MP for Staffordshire〔 but was soon promoted to the House of Lords when he became Viscount Lisle after the death of his stepfather Arthur Plantagenet and "by the right of his mother".〔Loades 1996 p. 48〕 Being now a peer, Dudley became Lord Admiral and a Knight of the Garter in 1543; he was also admitted to the Privy Council.〔Ives 2009 p. 103〕 In the aftermath of the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542 he served as Warden of the Scottish Marches, and in the 1544 campaign the English force under Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford was supported by a fleet which Dudley commanded. Dudley joined the land force that destroyed Edinburgh, after he had blown the main gate apart with a culverin.〔Ives 2009 pp. 100–101〕 In late 1544 he was appointed Governor of Boulogne, the siege of which had cost the life of his eldest son, Henry.〔 His tasks were to rebuild the fortifications to King Henry's design and to fend off French attacks by sea and land.〔Ives 2009 p. 101〕 As Lord Admiral, Dudley was responsible for creating the Council for Marine Causes, which for the first time co-ordinated the various tasks of maintaining the navy functioning and thus made English naval administration the most efficient in Europe.〔 At sea, Dudley's fighting orders were at the forefront of tactical thinking: Squadrons of ships, ordered by size and firepower, were to manoeuvre in formation, using co-ordinated gunfire. These were all new developments in the English navy.〔Loades 1996 pp. 71, 85〕 In 1545 he directed the fleet's operations before, during, and after the Battle of the Solent and entertained King Henry on the flagship ''Henri Grace a Dieu''. A tragic loss was the sinking of the ''Mary Rose'' with 500 men aboard.〔Beer 1973 p. 32; Loades 1996 pp. 69–71〕 In 1546 John Dudley went to France for peace negotiations. When he suspected the Admiral of France, Claude d'Annebault, of manoeuvres which might have led to a renewal of hostilities, he suddenly put to sea in a show of English strength, before returning to the negotiating table.〔Loades 1996 pp. 77〕 He then travelled to Fontainebleau, where the English delegates were entertained by the Dauphin Henri and King Francis. In the Peace of Camp, the French king acknowledged Henry VIII's title as "Supreme Head of the Church of England and Ireland", a success for both England and her Lord Admiral.〔Beer 1973 p. 36; Loades 1996 pp. 78–80; Ives 2009 p. 103〕 John Dudley, popularly fêted and highly regarded by King Henry as a general,〔Wilson 1981 p. 22; Beer 1973 p. 36〕 became a royal intimate who played cards with the ailing monarch.〔Wilson 1981 p. 22〕 Next to Edward Seymour, Prince Edward's maternal uncle, Dudley was one of the leaders of the Reformed party at court, and both their wives were among the friends of Anne Askew, the Protestant martyr destroyed by Bishop Stephen Gardiner in July 1546.〔Loades 1996 p. 79〕 Dudley and the Queen's brother, William Parr, tried to convince Anne Askew to conform to the Catholic doctrines of the Henrician church, yet she replied "it was great shame for them to counsel contrary to their knowledge".〔 In September Dudley struck Gardiner in the face during a full meeting of the Council. This was a grave offence, and he was lucky to escape with a month's leave from court in disgrace.〔Hutchinson 2006 p. 181; Loades 1996 pp. 81–82〕 In the last weeks of the reign Seymour and Dudley played their parts in Henry's strike against the conservative House of Howard, thus clearing the path for a Protestant minority rule.〔Loades 1996 pp. 82–85; MacCulloch 2001 pp. 7–8〕 They were seen as the likely leaders of the impending regency〔Rathbone 2002; Loades 1996 pp. 82–85〕—"there are no other nobles of a fit age and ability for the task", Eustache Chapuys, the former Imperial ambassador, commented from his retirement.〔Beer 1973 p. 41〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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